MAMALIA INDONESIA (2)

DENGAN mempertimbangkan ketersediaan kawasan hutan, dengan berbagai tipe habitat, yang saat ini semakin menurun dalam jumlah maupun kualitas, beberapa mamalia besar dan berukuran sedang sudah mengalami kesulitan untuk bertahan hidup. Selain ancaman berupa kerusakan habitat, juga kegiatan perburuan masih sering terjadi, ditambah dengan adanya indikasi gangguan berupa pencemaran. Tapir (Tapirus indicus), pesut atau duyung (Dugong dugon), orangutan atau mawas (Pongo pygmaeus dan Pongo abelii), ataupun yang lebih kecil lagi seperti kubung (Cynocephalus variegatus), kini mengalami kemerosotan jumlah secara pesat. Selain faktor-faktor eksternal berupa kerusakan habitat, juga dipicu oleh beberapa faktor internal seperti menurunnya populasi disebabkan oleh tingkat reproduksi dari species tertentu yang memang lambat atau rendah. Kemampuan berkembangbiak, serta kemampuan untuk melakukan adaptasi terhadap perubahan lingkungan tempat hidup memegang peranan penting dalam keberlanjutan hidup species tertentu. Babi hutan (Sus sp.), adalah salah satu kelompok mamalia yang memiliki hampir semua kemampuan bertahan, baik karena kemampuan adaptasinya yang optimal maupun karena tingkat reproduksinya yang tinggi. Terbatasnya pilihan pakan juga menjadi kendala utama pada beberapa jenis tertentu, seperti trenggiling (Manis javanica) yang memiliki karakteristik sebagai pemakan semut dan anai-anai, hampir tidak mungkin mensubtitusi pakannya ke jenis pakan lain.
Selanjutnya, beberapa species mamalia yang ada di Indonesia diurutkan di sini berdasarkan kelompok ordo dan familinya.

Dari ordo Chiroptera, terwakili famili Pteropodidae, Rhinopomatidae, Emballonuridae, Nycteridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae dan Molossidae, dengan species masing-masing:

Famili PTEROPODIDAE – kalong pemakan buah
Acerodon celebensis, Celebes flying-fox
Acerodon humilis, Talaud flying-fox
Acerodon mackloti, Sunda flying-fox
Aethalops alecto, Lesser naked-backed fruit-bat
Aproteles bulmerae, Bulmer’s fruit-bat
Balionycteris maculata, Spot-winged fruit-bat
Boneia bidens, Greater Sulawesi rousette
Chironax melanocephalus, Black-capped fruit-bat
Cynopterus brachyotis, Lesser dog-faced fruit-bat
Cynopterus horsfieldi, Peg-toothed short-nosed fruit-bat
Cynopterus nusatenggara, Nusa Tenggara fruit-bat
Cynopterus sphinx, Greater short-nosed fruit-bat
Cynopterus titthaecheileus, Greater dog-faced fruit-bat
Dobsonia beauforti, Beaufort’s bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia emersa, Biak bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia exoleta, Celebes bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia minor, Lesser bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia moluccensis, Moluccan bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia peronii, Western bare-backed fruit-bat
Dobsonia viridis, Greenish bare-backed fruit-bat
Dyacopterus brooksi, Dyak fruit-bat
Dyacopterus spadiceus, Dyak spadice fruit-bat
Eonycteris major, Great nectar-eating bat
Eonycteris spelaea, Cave-dwelling nectar-eating bat
Harpyonycteris celebensis, Celebes harpy fruit-bat
Macroglossus minimus, Lesser long-tongued fruit-bat
Macroglossus sobrinus, Greater long-tongued fruit-bat
Megaerops ecaudatus, Tailless fruit-bat
Megaerops kusnotoi, Small toothed tailless fruit-bat
Megaerops wetmorei, Mindanao fruit-bat
Neopteyx frosti, Small-toothed fruit-bat
Nyctimene aello, Broad-striped tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene albiventer, Common tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene celaeno, Greater tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene cephalotes, Palla’s tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene certans, Round-eared tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene cyclotis, Mountain tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene draconilla, Lesser tube-nosed bat
Nyctimene minutus, Lesser tube-nosed bat
Paranyctimene raptor, Unstriped tube-nosed bat
Penthetor lucasi, Lucas’s short-nosed fruit-bat
Pteropus alecto, Black flying-fox
Pteropus argentatus, Ambon flying-fox
Pteropus caniceps, Nothern Moluccan flying-fox
Pteropus chrysoproctus, Moluccan flying-fox
Pteropus conspicillatus, Spectacled flying-fox
Pteropus griseus, Gray flying-fox
Pteropus hypomelanus, Common island flying-fox
Pteropus lombocensis, Lombok flying-fox
Pteropus macrotis, Big-eared flying-fox
Pteropus melanopogon, Black-bearded flying-fox
Pteropus melanotus, Engano flying-fox
Pteropus neohilbernicus, Bismarck flying-fox
Pteropus ocularis, Ceram flying-fox
Pteropus ornatus, Ornate flying-fox
Pteropus personatus, Masked flying-fox
Pteropus pohlei, Geelving flying-fox
Pteropus pumilus, Little golden-mantled flying-fox
Pteropus scapulatus, Little red flying-fox
Pteropus speciosus, Philippine gray flying-fox
Pteropus temmincki, Temminck’s flying fox
Pteropus vampyrus, Large flying-fox
Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Common rousette
Rousettus celebensis, Celebes rousette
Rousettus leschenaulti, Fulvous fruit-bat
Rousettus spinalatus, Bare-backed rousette
Styloctenium wallacei, Strip-faced fruit-bat
Syconycteris australis, Moss-forest blossom-bat
Syconycteris carolinae, Halmahera blossom-bat
Syconycteris hobbit, Mountain blossom-bat
Thoopterus nigrescens, Swift fruit-bat
Famili RHINOPOMATIDAE –
Rhinopoma hardwickei, Hardwick’s mouse-tailed bat
Rhinopoma microphyllum, Greater mouse-tailed bat
Famili EMBALLONURIDAE -
Emballonura alecto, Philippine sheath-tailed bat
Emballonura beccari, Beccari’s sheath-tailed bat
Emballonura furax, Greater sheath-tailed bat
Emballonura monticola, Lesser sheath-tailed bat
Emballonura raffrayana, Raffray’s sheath-tailed bat
Mosia nigrescens, Black sheath-tailed bat
Saccolaimus saccolaimus, Pouched bat
Taphozous longimanus, Long-winged tomb bat
Taphozous melanopogon, Black-bearded tomb bat
Taphozous nudiventris, Naked-rumped tomb bat
Taphozous theobaldi, Theobald’s bat
Famili NYCTERIDAE -
Nycteris javanica, Javan silt-faced bat
Nycteris tragata, Sunda silt-faced bat
Famili MEGADERMATIDAE -
Megaderma spasma, Lesser false vampire bat
Famili RHINOLOPHIDAE -
Aselliscus tricuspidatus, Trident bat
Coelops frithii, East Asian tailless leaf-nosed bat
Coelops robinsoni, Malayan tailless leaf-nosed bat
Hipposideros ater, Dusky roundleaf bat
Hipposideros bicolor, Bicolored roundleaf bat
Hipposideros breviceps, Pagai roundleaf bat
Hipposideros calcaratus, Spurred roundleaf bat
Hipposideros cervinus, Fawn-colored roundleaf bat
Hipposideros rouxii (cinerascens, Rufous horseshoe bat
Hipposideros corynophyllus, Telefonim roundleaf bat
Hipposideros coxi, Cox’s roundleaf bat
Hipposideros crumeniferus, Timor roundleaf bat
Hipposideros diadema, Diadem roundleaf bat
Hipposideros dinops, Fierce roundleaf bat
Hipposideros dyacorum, Dyak roundleaf bat
Hipposideros galeritus, Cantor roundleaf bat
Hipposideros inexpectatus, Crested roundleaf bat
Hipposideros larvatus, Horsfield’s roundleaf bat
Hipposideros macrobullatus, Macros roundleaf bat
Hipposideros maggietaylorae, Maggie’s roundleaf bat
Hipposideros muscinus, Fly River roundleaf bat
Hipposideros papua, Gelvink’s roundleaf bat
Hipposideros ridley, Ridley’s roundleaf bat
Hipposideros sabanus, Least roundleaf bat
Hipposideros wollastoni, Wollaston’s roundleaf bat
Rhinolophus acuminatus, Accuminate horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus affinis, Intermediate horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus arcuatus, Arcuate horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus borneensis, Bornean horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus canuti, Canute horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus celebensis, Celebes horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus creaghi, Creagh’s horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus euryotis, Broad-eared horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus keyensis, Kei Island horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus lepidus, Blyth’s horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus luctus, Woolly horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus macrotis, Big-eared horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus nereis, Anamba horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus philippinensis, Enormous-eared horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus pusillus, Black horseshoe bat?
Rhinolophus sedulous, Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus stheno, Lesser brown horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Threefoil horseshoe bat
Famili VESPERTILIONIDAE -
Glischropus javanus, Javan thick-thumbed pipistrelle
Glischropus tylopus, Thick-thumbed pipistrelle
Harpiocephalus harpia, Hairy-winged bat
Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Blanford’s bat
Hesperoptenus doriae, False serotine bat
Hesperoptenus gaskelli, Sulawesi false serotine bat
Hesperoptenus tomesi, Large false serotine bat
Kerivoula (Phoniscus) atrox, Grove-toothed bat
Kerivoula flora, Flora trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula hardwickii,Trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula intermedia, Sabah forest bat
Kerivoula jagorii, Common trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula minuta, Least trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula muscina, Fly River trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula myrella, Bismarck trumpet-eared bat
Kerivoula papillosa, Papillose bat
Kerivoula papuensis, Golden tipped bat
Kerivoula pellucida, Clear-winged woolly bat
Kerivoula picta, Painted bat
Kerivoula whiteheadi, Whitehead’s woolly bat
Miniopterus australis, Little bent-winged bat
Miniopterus fuscus, Medium bent-winged bat
Miniopterus magnater, Western long-fingered bat
Miniopterus pusillus, Pygmy long-fingered bat
Miniopterus schreibersii, Common bent-winged bat
Miniopterus tristis, Greater bent-winged bat
Murina aenea, Bronze tube-nosed bat
Murina cyclotis, Round-eared tube-nosed bat
Murina florium, Flores tube-nosed bat
Murina rozendaali, Rozendal’s tube-nosed bat
Murina suilla, Brown tube-nosed bat
Myotis adversus, Large-footed bat
Myotis annectans, Hairy-faced bat
Myotis ater, Peter's myotis
Myotis formosus, Hodgson’s bat
Myotis gomatongensis, Gomatong myotis
Myotis hasselti, Lesser large-footed bat
Myotis hermani, Herman's myotis
Myotis horsfieldii, Common Asiatic myotis
Myotis macrotarsus, Philippine large-footed myotis
Myotis montivagus, Burmese whiskered bat
Myotis muricola, Nepalese whiskered myotis
Myotis mystacinus, Whiskered bat
Myotis ridleyi, Ridley’s bat
Myotis siligorensis, Himalay whiskered bat
Myotis stalkeri, Kei myotis
Nyctophilus gouldi, North Queensland nyctophilus bat
Nyctophilus heran, Lembata nyctophilus
Nyctophilus microtis, Small-eared nyctophilus
Nyctophilus timoriensis, Greater nyctophilus
Philetor brachypterus, Short-winged pipistrelle
Pipistrellus ceylonicus, Kelaart’s pipistrelle
Pipistrellus circumdatus, Gilded back pipistrelle
Pipistrellus cuprosus, Sabah pipistrelle
Pipistrellus imbricatus, Brown pipistrelle
Pipistrellus javanicus, Javan pipistrelle
Pipistrellus kitcheneri, Bornean pipistrelle
Pipistrellus macrotis, Big-eared pipistrelle
Pipistrellus minahassae, Minahasa pipistrelle
Pipistrellus mordax, Fungus pipistrelle
Pipistrellus petersi, Northern Wallacean pipistrelle
Pipistrellus stenopterus, Narrow-winged pipistrelle
Pipistrellus tenuis, Least pipistrelle
Pipistrellus vordermanni, Vordermann's pipistrelle
Scotophilus celebensis, Celebes house bat
Scotophilus kuhlii, Lesser Asian house bat
Tylonycteris pachypus, Lesser club-footed bat
Tylonycteris robustula, Great club-footed bat
Famili MOLOSSIDAE –
Chaerephon jobensis, Northern mastiff bat
Chaerephon johorensis, Dato mastiff bat
Chaerephon plicata, Wrinkle-lipped bat
Cheiromeles parvidens, Lesser naked bat
Cheiromeles torquatus, Greater naked bat
Mops (Tadarida) mops, Malayan free-tailed bat
Mops sarasinorum, Sulawesi mastiff bat
Mormopterus beccari, Beccari’s mastiff bat
Mormopterus doriae, Sumatran mastiff bat
Otomops formosus, Javan mastiff bat
Otomops papuensis, New Guinea mastiff bat


(BERSAMBUNG)